Tuesday, 15 September 2015

Out of Specification Handling a OOS


Some FAQ's Related to Out Of Specification Results







  • Why do I need to conduct an investigation if an OOS test result is obtained? 
    An investigation is required by FDA regulations.















  • What is the purpose of an OOS investigation? 
    To determine the cause of the OOS result.















  • Who should investigate OOS? 
    Both pharmaceutical manufacturing companies and contract laboratories.















  • Which parts of the CGMP regulations apply to laboratory operations?
    Part 211, subparts I (Laboratory Controls) and J (Records and Reports)















  • Which section of the CGMP regulations specifies that products failing to meet established standards and other relevant quality control criteria will be rejected?
    Section 211.165(f).















  • How do I handle an OOT result? 
    Results that are out-of-trend (OOT) can be handled similarly to OOS investigations.















  • Can I ignore an OOS investigation if the rejection of a batch is based on an OOS result? 
    No, batch rejection does not negate the need to perform the investigation!















  • Why is it necessary to carry out an OOS investigation if the rejection of a batch is based on an OOS result?
    To determine if the result is associated with other batches of the same drug product or other products.


















  • Which sections of the CGMP regulations require that written records of the investigation are made, including conclusions of the investigation and follow-up? 
    Section 211.192.















  • How do I carry out a meaningful OOS investigation? 
    A meaningful OOS investigation should be: thorough, timely, unbiased, well-documented, and scientifically defensible.















  • What should the analyst do, whenever possible, before discarding the test solution? 
    An initial assessment of the accuracy of the laboratory's data should be conducted. Why? In this way, any hypothesis inferring laboratory error or instrument malfunction may be tested using the same solutions.

















  • When do I need to conduct a complete failure investigation?
    If the initial assessment indicates that no errors were made in the analytical process used to obtain the data, a complete failure investigation should follow.















  • Who is responsible for the first course of action?
    The analyst.















  • Who has the primary responsibility for ensuring accurate laboratory test results?
    The analyst.















  • What should the analyst do during the testing process? 
    The analyst should be aware of the potential problems that can occur during the testing process, and should watch for problems that create OOS results.















  • Which section of the CGMP regulations requires that the analyst should ensure that only those instruments meeting established specifications are used?
    211.160(b)(4).















  • Which section of the CGMP regulations requires that the analyst should ensure that only properly calibrated instruments are used?
    211.160(b)(4).















  • What is the usual time requirement during the LAL-endotoxin kinetic determination?
    One hour or longer.















  • What system suitability requirements may be considered?
    Drift, noise, temperature variability, photometric absorbance variability.















  • Why could the optical density change calculation method generate OOS results? 
    There is no safe method to avoid signal drift being utilized as LAL-endotoxin reaction signal.















  • If signal drift is a problem, then which LAL-endotoxin kinetic curves are most likely to be affected?
    Turbidimetric determinations at the lowest endotoxin quantification levels.















  • What should be done if unexpected results are obtained and no obvious explanation exists?
    Test preparations should be retained, the analyst should inform the supervisor, and an accuracy assessment should be started immediately.















  • Can you list some of the obvious errors that could invalidate results? 
    Spilling of a sample, incomplete transfer of sample, obvious pipetting errors, bubble formation in microplate wells, dirty lab equipment.















  • What should be done in the case of obvious errors? 
    The analyst should immediately document what happened.















  • Is it a good idea to continue with an analysis to see what results can be obtained when an obvious error is known, and that the analysis will be invalidated at a later time for an assignable cause? 
    No, analysts should not knowingly continue any analysis they expect to invalidate.


    • Documentation For handling the out of specification results, so lets start the work





    1.0  PURPOSE

           To lay down the procedure for handling of out of specification results in microbiological testing.

    2.0  SCOPE

           It is applicable to handling and investigation of Out Of Specification results in Sterility Test, Microbiological Testing of Non-Sterile Products and Bacterial Endotoxin Tests in Quality Control Microbiology Laboratory.



    3.0  RESPONSIBILITY

    Quality Control Microbiology
    Quality Control Microbiology Officer is responsible for reporting any Out of Specification Results.
    Head - Microbiology or his designee is responsible to notify QA and initiate necessary investigations.
    To implement necessary corrective actions
    Quality Assurance Department
    To participate in investigations
    To review and approve investigation reports
    To review action taken reports
    Production Department
    To participate in investigations
    To implement necessary corrective actions

    4.0  ACCOUNTABILITY




           Head of Department

    5.0  PROCEDURE

    5.1  Notification and allotment of number for Out Of Specification Result

    5.1.1  On observation of an out of specification (OOS) result in microbiological testing, the microbiologist shall notify the Microbiology In –Charge or his designee and they shall notify QA.
    5.1.2  On receipt of a microbiological testing OOS, the details shall be entered in log book and a number shall be allotted as OOS/M/YY/ZZZZ, where
    OOS :  Out of Specification
    M : Microbiology
    YY :  Represents last two digits of current year
    ZZZZ : Represents serial number starting with 0001
    Example  :  First OOS reported in year 2013: OOS/M/13/0001

    5.2  Handling and Investigation of Sterility Test Failures

    5.2.1  On observation of growth in sterility test media, record the results on the sterility test report and notify the Microbiology In - Charge or his designee. The Microbiology In - Charge or his designee shall notify QA.
    5.2.2  Forward the media container showing growth for identification.
    5.2.3  If the growth is observed in only one of the media container, continue the incubation of other media container.
    5.2.4  Identification of Contaminants



    5.2.5.1  Subculture from the container showing growth on Soybean Casein Digest Agar plate, incubate the plate at 30 – 35°C.
    5.2.5.2  If growth is observed in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium perform sub-culturing in duplicate and incubate one set in aerobic conditions and one set in anaerobic conditions.
    5.2.5.3  Perform the identification of the isolates as per SOP.
    5.2.5.4  Store the media container at 2 – 8°C till isolated colonies are obtained and investigation is completed.
    5.2.5.5  If more than one type of colony is observed, identify all the types colonies recovered.
    5.2.5.6  Make subculture of all the isolates and store at 2 – 8°C till the investigation is completed.
    5.2.5.7  If the contaminant is slow growing or does not grow on sub culturing to solid media, then use other appropriate methods to culture.
    5.2.5.8  Similarly identify the colonies from sterility testing area environmental and personnel monitoring plates sampled on the day of test if available or of subsequent days to determine the similarities.
    5.2.5.9  For final confirmation of similarities, send the isolates for Genetic Identification to external agency

     5.2.5  Laboratory Investigation
    5.2.5.1  Review the microbiological monitoring records of sterility testing area to determine any faults on the day of the test. Also review the reports of a week prior to and after the day of test.
    5.2.5.2  Review the microbiological monitoring records of laboratory personnel involved in the test to determine any faults on the day of the test. Also review the reports of a week prior to and after the day of test.
    5.2.5.3  Review the trends for at least last 2 months for any upward trend in microbial load in the sterility testing area.
    5.2.5.4  Review the data of non-viable particulate monitoring for any anomalies.
    5.2.5.5  Verify the results for negative product control test of the particular test session.
    5.2.5.6  Review the sterility test report and verify whether all media and sterile materials used were within their expiration dates.
    5.2.5.7  Review the preparation records of all media, rinsing fluid and diluents used in the test. Verify the media containers for sterility check if they are still under incubation or if any containers of the particular lot are available for use.
    5.2.5.8  Review the sterilization records of all the materials prepared and sterilized in the laboratory.
    5.2.5.9  Review the differential pressure, temperature and relative humidity records (as applicable) for any aberrations or unusual results.
    5.2.5.10  Review the cleaning records of the sterility testing area and verify whether correct disinfects and concentration is used and cleaning is performed as per procedure.
    5.2.5.11  Review the instrument usage and maintenance logs and verify if any activities were performed that may have impact on the results. If appropriate verify the current operational status of critical equipments like cRABS, LAF and Steritest Equinox systems.
    5.2.5.12  Contact Engineering / Maintenance Department and review the HVAC system logs of sterility testing area for their operation status on the day of sterility test and any maintenance performed or other aberrations.
    5.2.5.13  Interview the microbiologist who performed the sterility test and involved in preparation of materials or any activity associated with the test and verify that:
    All the materials are properly disinfected and transferred to testing area as per procedure or any anomalies observed during the process.
    •  The condition of the packs of sterilized material was integral or any damages were observed during the transfer and before use.
    •  The test was performed as per procedure or if any incidents occurred during testing.
    If any other anomalies were observed which might impact on results.
    5.2.5.14  Review the identification results of the isolates from the sterility failure and determine the presence of the identified isolates in the laboratory or production environment. Also compare with identification results from microbiological monitoring of sterility test area, microbiological monitoring of personnel, negative controls or other sources if any.
    5.2.5.15  Record all the information in Sterility Failure Investigation Report.
    5.2.5.16  Evaluate the information gathered and determine whether the test can be considered invalid as per SOP and pharmacopoeias.  Only if conclusive and documented evidence shows that the contamination has occurred as part of testing, and then only the test should be considered invalid.
    5.2.5.17  If the test is considered invalid, schedule for repeat of the test with the same number of units as in the original test. If no evidence of microbial growth is found in the repeat test, the product examined complies with the test.
    5.2.5.18  When available evidence does not indicate laboratory error or inconclusive or repeat test shows growth conclude the investigations, as sterility failure and the batch shall be rejected.
    5.2.5.19  Proceed to investigation at manufacturing facility.
    5.2.5.20  If sterility test is considered invalid, take necessary corrective and preventive actions for causes identified.

     5.2.6  Manufacturing Facility Investigation
    5.2.6.1  Review the microbiological monitoring records of production facility on day and a week prior to and after day of subject batch manufacturing and filling.
    5.2.6.2  Review the microbiological monitoring records of production personnel involved on day and a week prior to and after day of subject batch manufacturing and filling.
    5.2.6.3  Review the trends for at least last 2 months for any upward trend in microbial load in the production facility.
    5.2.6.4  Review the non-viable particulate monitoring in the cRABS and background area for any anomalies.
    5.2.6.5  Review the cleaning records of the production facility and verify whether correct disinfects and concentration is used and cleaning is performed as per procedure.
    5.2.6.6  Review the critical equipment usage and maintenance logs and verify if any activities were performed that may have impact on the results. If appropriate verify the current operational status of critical equipments like cRABS, LAFs,Depyrogenation tunnel, Filling Machine, Autoclaves, Mobile LAFs, etc.,
    5.2.6.7  Contact Engineering / Maintenance Department and review the HVAC system logs of manufacturing facility area for their operation status on the day of batch and any maintenance performed or other anomalies.
    5.2.6.8  Review the batch record for following:
    •  Batch (bulk) manufacturing records and pre-filtration bulk bio-burden data.
    •  Product and Process air and gas sterilizing grade filter integrity test results.
    •  Preparation and sterilization records of all components, machine parts and garments.
    •  Preparation and depyrogenation records of glass vials.
    •  Batch filling and sealing records (Lyophilization records if applicable).
    •  Environmental conditions (Differential pressure, Temperature and Relative Humidity) during critical operations.
    •  Hold times of pre-filtration and filtered bulk against the validated hold times.
    •  Hold times of sterilized materials against the validated hold times.
    •  Any deviations or events that could have impacted the critical zones.
    5.2.6.9  Review the number of personnel involved/present during critical operations and their training to perform the operations.
    5.2.6.10  Review the records batches manufactured previously and after the subject batch for any deviations or events that could have an adverse impact.
    5.2.6.11  Review the previous deviations, changes or problems (e.g., process, components, equipment) that may have impact on sterility assurance of product.
    5.2.6.12  Record all the information in Sterility Failure Investigation Report.
    5.2.6.13  Evaluate the information gathered and if assignable root cause for sterility failure can be determined. Also evaluate the impact on other batches manufactured before and after the subject batch.
    5.2.6.14  Based on the investigation report, recommend the necessary corrective and preventive actions.





    5.3  Handling and Investigation of Out of Specification Results in Microbiological Testing of Non Sterile Products

    5.3.1  Out of specification (OOS) results in the bacteriological testing may be due to high total bacterial count and total fungal count or due to presence of any specified organism in the sample.
    5.3.2  Laboratory Investigation
    5.3.2.1  Verify the results for negative control test performed along with the sample analysis. If the negative control results show growth then the test can be considered invalid.
    5.3.2.2  Review the preparation records of all media, rinsing fluid and diluents used in the test. Verify the media containers for sterility check if they are still under incubation or if any containers of the particular lot are available for use.
    5.3.2.3  Review the sterilization records of all the materials prepared and sterilized in the laboratory.
    5.3.2.4  Review the differential pressure, temperature and relative humidity records (as applicable) for any aberrations or unusual results.
    5.3.2.5  Review the cleaning records of the laboratory and verify whether correct disinfects and concentration is used and cleaning is performed as per procedure.
    5.3.2.6  Interview the microbiologist who performed the test and verify that:
    •  The sample preparation and testing was performed as per procedure.
    •  If the sample was received in appropriate sterile container and condition of sample container was proper before testing.
    •  If any anomalies observed during any stage of testing and incubation
    5.3.2.7  Interview the person who performed the sampling and verify that:
    •  If the product was stored at recommended conditions and containers were intact.
    •  Sampling is performed as per procedure using sterile sampling tools.
    •  If any anomalies observed during sampling.
    5.3.2.8  Review other activities performed along with subject sample and evaluate if those activities have any impact on test results.
    5.3.2.9  If the negative control shows growth or if the out of specification can be conclusively attributed to laboratory error, then the test can be considered invalid.
    5.3.2.10  If the test is considered then perform resample and retest.
    5.3.2.11  If the retest results comply with acceptance criteria then the batch complies with test requirements.
    5.3.2.12  If there is no conclusive laboratory error or if the retest results do not comply then proceed to manufacturing facility investigation for finished products. In case of raw materials, communicate the results to manufacturer.
    5.3.3  Manufacturing Facility Investigation
    5.3.3.1  Review the results and trends of applicable water system (purified water and potable water) for any upward trend.
    5.3.3.2  Review the concerned batch manufacturing record for following:
    •  Microbiological results of water used at different stages of batch processing
    •  Hold times of product at following stages of processing as applicable
    o      After dispensing of raw materials
    o      After sifting (API an Excipients)
    o      After granulation
    o      After milling and sifting
    o      After blending
    o      After compression of tablets before coating
    o      After coating of tablets
    •  Hold times of binder solution and coating solutions
    •  Hold times of cleaned equipment and accessories
    •  Environmental conditions (Temperature and Relative Humidity) during critical operations.
    •  Any deviations or events that may have impact on microbiological parameter of the product.
    5.3.3.3  Review the analytical reports of all the raw materials used in the batch for microbiological results and verify if any of the material showed upward results.
    5.3.3.4  Review the records of batches manufactured previously and after the subject batch for any deviations or events that could have an adverse impact on microbiological quality of the product.
    5.3.3.5  Review the previous deviations, changes or problems (e.g., process, components, equipment) that may have impact on microbiological quality of product.
    5.3.3.6  Record all the information in Microbiological Testing of Non-Sterile Products Investigation Report.
    5.3.3.7  Evaluate the information gathered and if assignable root cause for can be determined. Also evaluate the impact on other batches manufactured before and after the subject batch.
    5.3.3.8  Based on the investigation report, recommend the necessary corrective and preventive actions.

    5.4  Handling and Investigation of Out of Specification Results in Bacterial Endotoxin Test

    5.4.1  On obtaining an out of specification result in bacterial endotoxin, notify the Microbiology In-Charge. Do not discard the sample or the sample preparations; they should be saved for investigational purpose and retesting during laboratory investigation.

     5.4.2  Laboratory Investigation
    5.4.2.1  Review the analytical report and interview the analyst for following:
    •  Calculation errors
    •  Sample preparation details (dilution and concentration)
    •  LAL reagents preparation details and their validity at the time of use
    •  Test dilution/concentration used against valid dilution/concentration
    •  The pyrogen free glassware and accessories used in the test and their status
    •  Negative water control results
    •  Any other analytical errors
    5.4.2.2  Verify the sample container for any physical damages and its storage. Similarly verify the sampling details for sampling methodology, sampling tools used and their status.
    5.4.2.3  If out of specification results are found to be due to calculation error, then correct the calculations and stop further investigations.
    5.4.2.4  If the investigation reveals that out of specification results are due to analytical error for example incorrect sample dilutions, use of unsuitable reagents, glassware and accessories or negative water results showing positive, then perform repeat analysis using the same sample after rectification of identified error.
    5.4.2.5  If the investigation reveals that out of specification results are due to sampling error for example incorrect sampling methodology, incorrect or non-depyrogenated sampling tools used, then perform re-sampling using correct methodology and depyrogenated sampling tools. Perform testing using re-sample.
    5.4.2.6  If the repeat analysis results are within specifications, then the batch shall be released.
    5.4.2.7  If the investigation does not reveal any laboratory error, proceed to investigation at manufacturing facility.

     5.4.3  Manufacturing Facility Investigation
    5.4.3.1  Review the results and trends of Water for Injection for any upward endotoxin recoveries.
    5.4.3.2  Review the concerned batch manufacturing record for following:
    •  Batch (bulk) manufacturing records and pre-filtration bulk bacterial endotoxin test results and bio-burden data.
    •  Preparation and sterilization records of all components, machine parts and garments.
    •  Preparation and depyrogenation records of glass vials.
    •  Batch filling and sealing records (Lyophilization records if applicable).
    •  Environmental conditions (Differential pressure, Temperature and Relative Humidity) during critical operations.
    •  Hold times of pre-filtration and filtered bulk against the validated hold times.
    •  Hold times of sterilized materials against the validated hold times.
    •  Any deviations or events that could have impact on bacterial endotoxin results.
    5.4.3.3  Review the analytical reports of all raw materials used for endotoxin test results and microbiological test results specifically for Gram-negative specified organisms.
    5.4.3.4  Review the records batches manufactured previously and after the subject batch for any deviations or events that could have an adverse impact.
    5.4.3.5  Review the previous deviations, changes or problems (e.g., process, components, equipment) that may have impact on quality of product.
    5.4.3.6  Record all the information in Bacterial Endotoxin Test Investigation Report.
    5.4.3.7  Evaluate the information gathered and if assignable root cause for bacterial endotoxin out of specification results can be determined.
    5.4.3.8  Based on the investigation if any assignable cause can attribute for out of specification results in bacterial endotoxin test, then the subject batch shall be rejected. Also evaluate the impact on other batches manufactured before and after the subject batch.
    5.4.3.9  If the investigation cannot attribute cause for out of specification results, then proceed for re-sampling and re-testing as follows:

     5.4.4  Retesting
    5.4.5.1  The re-testing shall be performed by a different analyst other than one performed the initial tests and it shall be performed in triplicate.
    5.4.5.2  If the original sample is available, properly stored and suitable, then the retesting can be performed with the original sample. If original sample is not sufficient or suitable, then re-sampling shall be performed for re-testing.
    5.4.5.3  If all the results are conforming to the specifications, then the subject batch can be released.
    5.4.5.4  If the result does not comply with the specifications, the subject batch shall be rejected. Further investigation shall be conducted to determine the root cause and possible impact on other batches.


    5.5  Investigation Flowchart, Investigation Closure and Reporting

    5.5.1  An overview of the investigation and decision flow are provided as flow chart for each investigation. This flow chart provides the logical set of procedural steps to perform investigation.
    5.5.2  The investigation shall be closed within 30 days. If not completed within 30 working days this shall be justified.
    5.5.3  The investigation shall be reviewed and approved by Head QA.
    5.5.4  If any probable causes for out of specification results are determined at manufacturing, the impact on other batches manufactured should be evaluated.


    6.0  ABBREVIATIONS

    6.1  SOP - Standard Operating Procedure
    6.2  OOS - Out of Specification


    About The Author

    Hi! I am Ajay Kumar Kalva, Currently serving as the CEO of this site, a tech geek by passion, and a chemical process engineer by profession, i'm interested in writing articles regarding technology, hacking and pharma technology.
    Follow Me on Twitter AjaySpectator & Computer Innovations

    at 2 comments:

    Batch Failure Analysis Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)



    Hi readers, a long time after my last post, received many mails in these two days asking me to post about pharma documentation relating to engineering, i donno whats the reason behind these requests, anyway i'm happy of receiving and i'll share my little knowledge regarding batch failure analysis.
     The Fault Tree Analysis tool is an approach that assumes failure of the functionality of a product or process. This tool evaluates system (or sub-system) failures one at a time but can combine multiple causes of failure by identifying causal chains. The results are represented pictorially in the form of a tree of fault modes. At each level in the tree, combinations of fault modes are described with logical operators (AND, OR, etc.). FTA relies on the experts’ process understanding to identify causal factors.



    Potential Areas of Use(s)
    FTA can be used to establish the pathway to the root cause of the failure. FTA can be used to investigate complaints or deviations in order to fully understand their root cause and to ensure that intended improvements will fully resolve the issue and not lead to other issues (i.e. solve one problem yet cause a different problem). Fault Tree Analysis is an effective tool for evaluating how multiple factors affect a given issue. The output of an FTA includes a visual representation of failure modes. It is useful both for risk assessment and in developing monitoring programs.






    About The Author

    Hi! I am Ajay Kumar Kalva, Currently serving as the CEO of this site, a tech geek by passion, and a chemical process engineer by profession, i'm interested in writing articles regarding technology, hacking and pharma technology.
    Follow Me on Twitter AjaySpectator & Computer Innovations

    at 1 comment:

    Saturday, 15 August 2015

    Industrial Column Design Details Steps



    Column Design For Chemical Engineers In detail steps, packing column design, free pdf from pharma engineering, any questions or modifications, please kindly comment below, we appreciate your response




    -----Team Pharma Engineering


    Download INDUSTRIAL COLUMN DESIGN PDF FREE


    About The Author

    Hi! I am Ajay Kumar Kalva, Currently serving as the CEO of this site, a tech geek by passion, and a chemical process engineer by profession, i'm interested in writing articles regarding technology, hacking and pharma technology.
    Follow Me on Twitter AjaySpectator & Computer Innovations

    at 4 comments:

    Thursday, 11 June 2015

    Practical way to determine Order of Reaction in API BULK


    ORDER OF REACTION
    Order:

    This term can be defined as the sum of the powers of the concentrations of the reactants in rate expression. This is what every student know theoretically,
     -ra =kCa2Cb
    So whats the order now,
    every one answers the order is 3,
    but when a student enters the professional large scale manufacturing industries, the one should need to apply the theory to the practical cases, but I guarantee you that whatever you studied in the text books is quite different from the practical, as the majority of the problems solved on paper in the engineering classes consists of a common line, “NEGLECT THE LOSSES”, which makes a huge difference, so today lets start to learn how to apply the theory we studied in our books to the large scale, and determine the ORDER OF REACTION.




    PRACTICAL  APPROACH  TO  DETERMINE  ORDER  OF  REACTION:

    Method 1:
    Case study:
    Consider a reaction where two components reacts in a solvent medium, for example , the large scale process is,
    1)      Charge methanol 2000lts into reactor.
    2)      Charge 200kgs of citric acid(X) into reactor, and stir for 25(+/-)5minutes.
    3)      Charge 500kgs of Soda Ash(Y) into the reactor.
    4)      Maintain the Mass temp 50(+/-)5 for 5hrs(+/-)1hr.
    5)      ……..
    6)      ……………..
    7)      ………………………..
    8)      ……………………………………….
    9)      …………………………………………………
    10)   Unload the residue mass into containers and weigh it, the required product(P)  yield must be 600(+/-)50kgs
    So, now this is the case and now first find the KSM(key starting material) , and then what are the reactants, as we here charging methanol, citric acid and soda ash, all the three were not reactants, methanol is just used to provide a medium for reaction, so now the main reactants were citric acid and soda ash,
    So to find the order of reaction, just take the each reactant, first lets take citric acid, 200kgs used so find the number of moles,
    Number of moles of citric acid= 200/( Mol. Wt. of citric acid) =a say
    Number of moles of Soda ash= 500/( Mol. Wt. of Soda ash) = b say.
    Now move to the yield we got  i.e., 600kgs, so now find the Product moles,
    Number of moles of Product, =600/(Mol. Wt. of Product) =c say
    Now write the reaction,  aX +bY  à cP ,
    Now find number of moles of citric acid required to produce one mole of product, i.e.,
    K=(a/c)*(minimum number of moles of citric acid required to form the product).
    Find number of moles of soda ash required to produce one mole of product, i.e.,
    L=( b/c)*(minimum number of moles of soda ash required to form product).
    So , now write the rate expression,



    rP  = kCXKCYL
    Now find the order, it will be a/c + b/c= (a+b)/c.
    Method 2:
    Consider a reaction where two components reacts in a solvent medium, for example , the large scale process is,
    1)      Charge methanol 2000lts into reactor.
    2)      Charge 200kgs of citric acid(X) into reactor, and stir for 25(+/-)5minutes.
    3)      Charge 500kgs of Soda Ash(Y) into the reactor.
    4)      Maintain the Mass temp 50(+/-)5 for 5hrs(+/-)1hr.
    5)      ……..
    6)      ……………..
    7)      ………………………..
    8)      ……………………………………….
    9)      …………………………………………………
    10)           Unload the residue mass into containers and weigh it, the required product(P)  yield must be 600(+/-)50kgs
    Theoretical combined formula for calculating the order/reaction time/rate constant is,
    (1/Ca)(1-n) –(1/Ca0)(1-n) =k(n-1)t




    Ca  refers to the final concentration of citric acid, and Ca0  refers to the initial concentration of citric acid, n refers to the order of reaction, k refers to the rate constant, and t refers to the reaction time,
    So now to find the order from the above equation we need the rate constant and reaction time, we can get the initial concentration and final concentration from the HPLC/GC reports.
    In our case study, its mentioned that the maintainence time is 5hrs, so the sampling to find the Ca, Cao must be done before and after of the maintainence time, and the amount of KSM % i.e., Citric acid percent gives us Ca, Cao. And whenever its mentioned Maintainence time in the procedure, it will be the critical parameter in the process and it will be the reaction time, so now the reaction time is 5hrs.
    So now we have to find the rate constant , rate constant characterizes the conversion, means amount of KSM decomposed / disappeared in the particular reaction time, so now lets say 50% decomposed in a whole reaction time of 5 hrs then it will be 200*(50/100) =100kgs. So 100 kgs decomposed in 5 hrs, so Rate constant k will be
    i.e.,
    =(100/Mol. Wt. of KSM)/ (vol of Reactants*time),
    Now substitute and solve the eqn (1/Ca)(1-n) –(1/Ca0)(1-n) =k(n-1)t
     for order. That’s it, if you understood it, then say cheers and if you have any queries feel free to comment, sharing is caring, I care for you
    About The Author
    Hi! I am Ajay Kumar Kalva, Currently serving as the CEO of this site, a tech geek by passion, and a chemical process engineer by profession, i'm interested in writing articles regarding technology, hacking and pharma technology.
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